beThe First World War was an unprecedented catastrophe that kill millions and set the continent of Europe on the course to further calamity two decades later . But it did n’t do out of nowhere . With the centenary of the outbreak of hostility coming up in August , Erik Sass will be looking back at the star - up to the war , when seemingly minor second of friction roll up until the billet was quick to explode . He ’ll be covering those event 100 years after they occurred . This is the 110th installment in the serial .
March 26 - 27, 1914: Plotters Decide to Kill the Archduke
In March 1914 , the Balkan cauldron was simmer forth , as Austria - Hungary confront fresh difficultness in Albania and Serbia and Montenegro threatened to merge , promising further instability . But it was a plot unfold behind the scenes that ignite the fuse for the greatest difference in history .
At first glance March 7 , 1914 marked a diplomatic success for Austria - Hungary , as a German patrician , Prince Wilhelm Friedrich Heinrich of Wied , arrive in the Albanian city of Durazzo to take the throne of the new state . This was supposed to be the culmination of several years of diplomacy and saber rattling by Austria - Hungary ’s foreign diplomatic minister Count Berchtold , whopersuadedthe other Great Powers to create a new , independent Albania to deny Serbia access to the sea after the First Balkan War ( the Austrians feared Russia might use a Serbian larboard as a naval base ) . The only job with the scheme was that it totally ignored realness : The Prince of Wied commanded neither flock nor loyalty in Albania , and his “ authority ” was confined to Durazzo , propped up by a small Dutch - Austrian force out . It was n’t long before a powerful tribal leader , Esad Pasha Toptani , begin plotting rebellion in the Leslie Townes Hope of grabbing the crown .
Meanwhile , Montenegro and Serbia were in talk of the town to make a customs union as a precursor to a full political union . This was another nightmare scenario for Austria - Hungary , as it would give Serbia its long - coveted access to the ocean and set up the stage for the final battle to emancipate the Dual Monarchy ’s Southern Slavic people . Montenegro ’s King Nikola was n’t needfully thrilled about the idea of Serbia absorbing his flyspeck kingdom but the cracking Slavonic patron , Russia , support the unification . So on March 15 , Nikola tried to put the best face on thing by inviting Serbia ’s King Peter to negotiation for an eventual join that would , the Montenegrin king write , “ give pleasure not only to the peoples of Serbia and Montenegro but also to the brother Serbs not yet liberate [ and ] all Southern Slavism … ” On April 2 , Serbia ’s King Peter respond with a missive expressing “ tremendous joy ” over the musical theme , as “ such biovular agreement would shape the best base for the future of Serbia … ”
The Conspirators Target Franz Ferdinand
In March 1914 , a ragtag and bobtail group of part - time high-pitched school student , pamphleteers , and coffeehouse intellectuals began plotting a murder that would shake the world to its cornerstone — although at the metre none of them had any idea what its real impact would be . While many details remain mirky due to conflicting accounts , historiographer have tack together together the grating schema and timing of the plot , include the role played by members of Unity or Death , an ultranationalist cabal directed by Serbian military officers in Belgrade also known as the Black Hand , and Young Bosnia , an underground organisation in Austrian Bosnia .
For several geezerhood , a Bosnian Serb teenager and penis of Young Bosnia , Gavrilo Princip ( above , top quarrel , exit ) , had been drifting back and onward between Sarajevo , the provincial capital of Austrian - manipulate Bosnia , and the Serbian capital Belgrade , where he was purportedly serve high school but actually spent most of his prison term verbalize political science with other ultra Serbian nationalist in begrimed cafés . On March 13 , 1914 , after a visit home to Bosnia Princip return to Belgrade , where he was presently to be get hold in his usual haunts .
In previous March , one of Princip ’s café colleagues , Nedjelko Čabrinović ( above , top row , right ) , supposedly received an envelope with no return destination , turn back a cutting from a Bosnian or Croatian newspaper about Archduke Franz Ferdinand’splannedvisit to Sarajevo on June 28 — known to Serbs as Vidovdan , the day of remembrance of the Serbian defeat by the Turks at the Field of Blackbirds in 1389 . In this rendering of events , Čabrinović showed the clipping to Princip , who shared his indignation at the apparent vilification in the sojourn ’s timing , and on March 27 the friends avow a secret oath to assassinate the heir to the Austrian and Hungarian throne .
Meanwhile Princip ’s upright friend in Sarajevo , a nationalist newspaper editor name Danilo Ilić ( who had recently link Unity or Death , also have a go at it as the Black Hand — above , top row , heart ) also get Son about the Archduke ’s project visit around this time — again , purportedly from a newspaper clipping sent to him anonymously . However he learned about it , Ilić was believe along the same lines as Princip by previous March , when he met his friend Muhamed Mehmedbašić ( not pictured ) , a Bosnian Muslim and fellow member of Young Bosnia , who was still hoping to carry out an earlierplotto assassinate Oskar Potiorek , the Austrian governor of Bosnia .
On March 26 , 1914 , Ilić told Mehmedbašić that the design to kill Potiorek had been canceled by the Black Hand ’s shadowy leadership — but added that a raw plot was being organise against the living of the Archduke . Princip later claim that he wrote to Ilić around Easter ( April 12 , 1914 ) to recruit him into the cabal , only to find that Ilić was already considering a similar plan . In the following week the conspiracy grew as Princip and Čabrinović recruited their friend Trifun Grabež in Belgrade ( above , bottom words , bequeath ) , while Ilić enlisted Vaso Čubrilović ( bottom row , midpoint ) and Cvjetko Popović ( bottom row , right ) , both exist in Sarajevo .
Some of the conspirators later denied that they had any outside help organizing the “ outrage ” ( as terrorist attacks were termed ): At their tribulation , Čabrinović take , “ In the company we frequented the conversations always turned on outrages … Nobody told us direct out : ‘ kill him , ’ but in those circle we amount round to the melodic theme by ourselves , ” and Princip insisted , “ The idea of it originated with us and it is we who convey it out . ” But they were almost sure as shooting inspired and directed by members of the Black Hand , led by the chieftain of Serbian military word , Dragutin Dimitrijević , codenameApis(below , left ) .
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For one affair , the mapper needed weapons ; thus Princip get in touch with a middle - aged nationalist radical name Milan Ciganović ( below , veracious ) , an employee of the Serbian interior railway who ’d fought in the Balkan Wars and belonged to the Black Hand . Ciganović sometimes worked for Major Vojislav Tankosić ( below , center ) , who was in turn the good - hand man to Dimitrijević . Ciganović receive four side arm and several small bomb from a Serbian military inventory , which Princip claimed he sent to Ilić sometime in April , and it seems inconceivable that Ciganović would have done this without the knowledge and approval of Dimitrijević .
Furthermore , the whole floor of anon. paper clippings seems rather suspicious , as does the coincidence of Princip and Ilić spontaneously arriving at the same idea ; while the snip may have played some part in kick upstairs the conspiracy ( perhaps as a previously harmonise sign ) it seems more potential the intact architectural plan was align from an earlier date , fall out the failure of the plot against Potiorek . Through his undercover agent net Dimitrijević belike hear of Franz Ferdinand ’s visit to Sarajevo in short after the Archduke agreed to the trip in mid - February , and well before it was publicized in the newspaper . accord to several other accounts , Princip was in contact with Tankosić and Ilić as early as January , and Tankosić told him that the Black Hand had determine to kill the Archduke soon after .
Serbia ’s civilian government smelled a rat : On March 18 , Serbian Prime Minister Nikola Pašić set up an investigating of the Black Hand , which he rightly suspected of plotting a military coup against him because of his moderate stance towards Austria - Hungary . finally Pasic got wind of the secret plan against the Archduke from Ciganović , who was apparently an informer for the regime inside the Black Hand . But it was all too little , too late .
Meanwhile on March 16 , 1914 , the bellicose Austrian chief of the general faculty , Conrad von Hötzendorf , onceagaincalled for war in a conversation with the German ambassador to Vienna , Baron Heinrich von Tschirschky . But Tschirschky courteously cue Conrad that a fundamental anatomy stood in the way — Archduke Franz Ferdinand , whoopposedany suggestion of pre-emptive warfare .
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